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The Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE) on Thursday clarified the Scheme of Studies and examination structure for students appearing in the Class 10 board examinations in 2028.
According to the Board's latest circular, students will have five compulsory subjects for the Class 10 board examinations, with an option to take an additional vocational skill subject that could provide an alternative in case they fail to qualify in Mathematics, Science or Social Science.
The clarification was issued through a circular and applies to students currently studying in Class 9 during the 2026-27 academic session, who will progress to Class 10 in 2027-28. The revised provisions will not apply to students currently studying in Class 10 during the 2026-27 session.
As per the revised Scheme of Studies, students will have to appear for board examinations in five compulsory subjects. These include:
However, students will be required to study nine compulsory curricular subjects in total. Apart from the five board examination subjects, these include a third language (R3), Art Education, Physical Education and Well-being, and Vocational Education (Skill Education).
Students can also opt for one additional optional subject from the list notified by CBSE. The Board has clarified that all other optional subjects available under the 2025-26 Scheme of Studies will continue to be offered.
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One of the significant provisions in the CBSE circular concerns the replacement of subjects through vocational skill education.
Vocational Education will remain a compulsory curricular area. Students can fulfil this requirement by choosing either 'Kaushal Vikas' or any one of the 22 skill subjects notified by the Board.
Under the replacement provision, if a student opts for one of the 22 skill subjects, passes that subject and secures less than 33 per cent marks in any one of Mathematics, Science or Social Science, the skill subject can replace the failed subject for computation of the Class 10 board examination result.
However, this provision is subject to an important condition: it applies only when students opt for one of the 22 notified skill subjects. Students choosing Kaushal Vikas will not be eligible for this subject-replacement facility.
CBSE has notified 22 skill subjects that students can choose under the vocational education category. These include:
Students opting for any of these 22 subjects will have to appear for the respective skill subject in the Class 10 board examination. The marks and grades will be reflected in the CBSE marksheet. Students who successfully pass the examination will also receive a certificate under the National Skills Qualifications Framework (NSQF).
CBSE has provided two different assessment pathways for students opting for vocational education.
Students choosing Kaushal Vikas will be assessed through school-based internal assessment and will not have to appear for a separate board examination in the subject. Schools will issue certificates to students who secure at least 33 per cent marks in the internal assessment.
On the other hand, students choosing any of the 22 notified skill subjects will have to appear for a board examination in the selected subject. They will also be eligible for the subject-replacement provision, subject to the conditions specified by CBSE.
CBSE has clarified that students must secure at least 33 per cent marks in each of the five subjects assessed through the board examination to be declared pass.
However, the subject-replacement provision offers an alternative to students who have opted for one of the 22 skill subjects.
For instance, if a student fails to secure 33 per cent marks in Mathematics but successfully passes the opted skill subject, the skill subject can replace Mathematics while calculating the final result.
A similar provision applies if the student fails in Science or Social Science. The replacement facility is limited to any one of these three subjects and is not available to students who choose Kaushal Vikas.
CBSE has also clarified that students must secure an aggregate of at least 33 per cent marks in the Board examination and internal assessment taken together to pass an individual subject.
Apart from clarifying the examination structure, CBSE has also announced changes to the curriculum for the 2028 Class 10 batch.
The subject 'Individuals in Society' and the Modules of Computational Thinking (CT) and Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Class 9 during 2026-27 will not be part of the curriculum for these students. Similarly, Environmental Education in Class 10 during 2027-28 will also be excluded.
The Board stated that the decision has been taken to align the introduction of the interdisciplinary curricular area with its implementation schedule.
The latest clarification is aimed at providing schools, students and parents with advance information about the academic and examination-related requirements for the 2028 Class 10 board examinations.
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