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The Grade 9 Social Science textbook Understanding Society: India and Beyond has been revised, with changes to its chapter structure and the addition of a chapter on resistance and resilience, according to information reported by India Today.
The revised Part 2 introduces โResistance and Resilience (1000โ1700 CE)โ. The chapter โIndia and the Worldโ, earlier intended for Grade 9, has been moved to Class 10, where it will be taught with related themes.
The textbookโs introductory note states that the changes are intended to bring greater coherence to the course and to suit the age and learning needs of students.
The new chapter examines the resistance offered by rulers and communities to invasions and territorial expansion between 1000 and 1700 CE.
Its opening section, โSafeguarding Sovereignty: Resistance, Alliance and Confederaciesโ, considers warfare, alliances, diplomacy and cooperation among regional powers.
The chapter covers conflicts involving Arab and Turkish forces and resistance in regions including the Deccan, Malwa, Kashmir and Rajasthan.
Among the rulers discussed is Queen Naiki Devi of the Chaulukya kingdom, who, according to the textbook, defeated Muhammad Ghuri at Kasahrada, near Mount Abu, in 1178. Rudrama Devi, ruler of the Kakatiya kingdom from 1262 to 1289, is also included for her kingdomโs conflicts with the Delhi Sultanate.
The chapter recounts the resistance of Rani Abbakka Chowta of Ullal, who is credited with defeating Portuguese naval forces during her reign.
It also examines the Battle of Dewair in 1582, near Udaipur, where forces of Maharana Pratap defeated Mughal outposts in Mewar. The account is placed alongside the Battle of Haldighati. Mewarโs coat of arms, showing Rajput and Bhil warriors beneath Eklingji, is cited as a representation of their association during the resistance.
The chapter does not confine resistance to rulers. It discusses Jat rebellions in the Ganga-Yamuna Doab, including the uprising under Gokul Jat in 1669 and another involving the zamindars of Sinsini and Sogar in 1686. These episodes are presented in connection with taxation and the resistance of cultivators.
In Assam, the textbook traces the Ahom kingdomโs independence and records Lachit Borphukanโs victory over a Mughal fleet at Saraighat in 1671. It also refers to the monument to the commander in Guwahati.
Other sections discuss the Sikh Gurus, the founding of the Khalsa, and a tradition concerning Muthu Virappa Nayak of Madurai. Traditions linking rulers, including Shivaji, with the goddess Tulja Bhavani are also considered.
The revised Part 2 replaces the proposed chapter โAuthorityโ with โGovernance and Public Policyโ.
The chapter โIndia and the Worldโ, originally planned for Part 1, has been shifted to Class 10. The textbook says the changes are intended to bring related subjects together and avoid material considered difficult for students at this stage.
The book also notes the 2025 UNESCO World Heritage designation of Gingee (Senji) Fort in Tamil Nadu, whose history includes the Vijayanagara Nayakas, Bijapuri Sultans, Mughals, Marathas, French and English.
Chapter 4, โGovernance and Public Policyโ, links institutions of government with historical traditions.
It discusses the national motto, โSatyamev Jayateโ, from the Mundaka Upanishad, and the Supreme Courtโs motto, โYato Dharmastato Jayahโ, from the Mahabharata. The chapter also examines the Sengol, its association with the Chola tradition and its installation in Parliament in 2023.
Good governance is explained through seven principles: participation, rule of law, accountability, effectiveness, inclusiveness, responsiveness and transparency.
The chapter uses the National Education Policy 2020 to discuss consultation and policymaking, and Khelo Bharat Niti 2025 to explain the role of government, institutions and citizens in sport.
Chapter 5, โManaging Your Personal Financesโ, introduces students to income tax under the new tax regime.
It contains tax slabs and worked examples and explains the payment of taxes as a civic responsibility. Ayushman Bharat PM-JAY is cited in the discussion of insurance and financial protection.
Chapter 6, โFrom Ideas to Startupsโ, turns to entrepreneurship.
One case study follows Shri Mahila Griha Udyog Lijjat Papad, founded by seven Mumbai women who pooled 80 in 1959. The textbook records the cooperativeโs growth to more than 45,000 members and a reported annual turnover of 1,600 crore in 2023.
The chapter also recounts the career of Mohan Singh Oberoi, from hotel desk clerk to hotel entrepreneur, and examines the trading and banking networks of the Tamil Nadu Chettiar community.
A further section connects Indiaโs startup economy with Viksit Bharat 2047 and Atmanirbhar Bharat. It refers to more than 120 Indian unicorns and discusses enterprises in e-commerce, fintech, healthcare and agritech.
The textbook identifies six contributions of business: creating employment and income, producing goods and services, paying taxes, promoting innovation, improving quality of life and undertaking corporate social responsibility.
Taken together, the revised chapters bring history, governance, personal finance and entrepreneurship into the Grade 9 course, while shifting โIndia and the Worldโ to Class 10. The textbook states that the arrangement is intended to place related themes together and make the course suitable for the stage of study.
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