Kukula Kwathu

Munthu samapeza umunthu wake pobadwa chomwe ndi chodziwika bwino kwambiri, zifukwa zisanu zazikulu zomwe zimakhudza, zomwe ndi:

• Zinthu zamoyo
• Zokhudza chikhalidwe
• Zinthu za m’banja
• Zomwe zikuchitika
• Zikhalidwe

Umunthu wa munthu sungathe kugawidwa kukhala wabwino kapena woipa ndipo zotsatirazi ndi zowona za umunthu:

• Izo zapezedwa
• Zimatengera kuyanjana ndi anthu
• Ndi yapadera komanso yosiyana
• Izo zimabweretsa chimene munthu ali kwenikweni

Umunthu ndi chimodzi mwazinthu zazikulu m'moyo wa aliyense kuyambira ali mwana chifukwa zikuwonetsa momwe timakhalira ndi achibale athu, anzathu komanso anzathu. Maubale athu okhudzana ndi ntchito ndi moyo akuweruzidwa ndi zochita zathu. Umunthu ndi wosiyana kwambiri ndi aliyense, ndipo ena angakhale okoma mtima, odekha, ena angakhale amwano ndi odzikuza, ochepa angakhale oleza mtima etc.

Kukula kwa umunthu kumakamba za momwe munthu amalankhulira, kuganiza, maonekedwe ndi khalidwe. Munthu amene akufuna kuchita bwino pamlingo wamakampani, umunthu wabwino ndiwofunika. Pamene ochepa angakhale nawo kale pamene ochepa sangakhale nawo, kwa iwo amene alibe, aliponso ambiri mapulogalamu opititsa patsogolo umunthu kupezeka lonse, kumene amaphunzitsidwa kuchokera pamwamba mpaka pansi. M’maprogramu amenewo, amaphunzitsidwa kulankhula pagulu, mmene angapezere chidwi, mmene angakhalire wolankhula bwino ndi zina zotero. Amaphunzitsidwa mmene angakhalire odzidalira, zimene anthu ambiri alibe. Anthu ena phunzitsani kuganiza zomveka pamene akuvutika popanga zisankho panthaŵi zovuta, ochepa amafuna kuthandizidwa kuti akhazikitse zolinga zawo za ntchito, malangizo ndi zidule za nthawi kasamalidwe, kukulitsa kudzidalira ndi kudzidalira etc. 

Chiphunzitso cha Piaget cha chitukuko cha chidziwitso ili ndi magawo anayi omwe amagwirizana ndi msinkhu wa mwanayo: sensorimotor, preoperational, konkriti kachitidwe, ndi kachitidwe kovomerezeka.

Oral Stage

Gawoli limakula kuchokera ku ziro mpaka chaka chimodzi ndi theka. Panthawi imeneyi, pakamwa pamakhala malo osakhwima a thupi komanso chitsime chachikulu cha chisangalalo ndi chisangalalo kwa mwana. Momwe mwana wakhanda amaganizira kwambiri ndi amayi zimapangitsa mwanayo kukhulupirira kapena kukayikira dziko (loyankhulidwa ndi amayi anga) lozungulira iye. Poganiza kuti zosowa zake nthawi zambiri zimakwaniritsidwa, amapanga chidaliro ndikuvomereza kuti dziko lapansi lidzathana naye. 

Gawo la Anal 

Kumapeto kwa nthawi yoluma, wachichepereyo amatha kuyenda, kulankhula, ndi kudya yekha. Iye akhoza kugwira kapena kupereka chinachake chimene ali nacho. Izi zimagwiranso ntchito mkati ndi chikhodzodzo. Amatha kugwira kapena kutulutsa mkati mwake ndi chikhodzodzo. 

Genital (Oedipal) Gawo

Ntchito yanthawi ino ndikupanga ndikulimbikitsa kuyendetsa bwino, kuphulitsa bomba komwe kumapangitsa kuti wachinyamatayo azikhala ndi vuto lalikulu. Nthawi imeneyi imachokera ku lachitatu mpaka lachisanu ndi chimodzi la moyo wautali, mwachitsanzo, kusukulu. Pakali pano ali woyenerera kuti ayambe kuchitapo kanthu, onse ophunzira ngati injini yokha. Kutalikira komwe galimotoyi imapangidwira kumadalira kuchuluka kwa mwayi weniweni womwe wapatsidwa kwa mwana komanso momwe chidwi chake chimakwaniritsidwira. Ngati auzidwa kuti aipidwe ndi khalidwe lake kapena zilakolako zake, angayambe kudziona ngati ali ndi mlandu kaamba ka maseŵero amene anayambitsa yekha. 

Dormancy Stage

Gawoli likukhudza zaka 6 mpaka 11, mwachitsanzo, achinyamata. Mwanayo amatha kuganiza mozama ndipo amatha kugwiritsa ntchito zida zomwe akuluakulu amagwiritsa ntchito. Zokonda zogonana ndi zokonda (zabwinobwino mu nthawi yakumaliseche) zimalephereka mpaka unyamata. Nthawi zonse akapatsidwa mphamvu ndi kupatsidwa ufulu, amapeza chidaliro mu mphamvu yake yochita ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zida zazikulu. Izi zimabweretsa chisangalalo cha mafakitale mwa iye. 

Gawo Lakula: 

Nthawi imeneyi, yomwe imawoneka ngati nthawi yachisokonezo, nthawi zambiri, imayamba pa zaka 12-13 ndipo imatha kutambasula mpaka zaka 18-19. Achinyamata, panthawiyi kuyambira unyamata kupita ku chitukuko, amachita zinthu ngati munthu wamkulu ndipo nthawi zina ngati achichepere. Oyang'anira amawonetsanso kukayikira kwawo kowavomereza pantchito yawo yatsopano yauchikulire.

Ntchito yabwino kwambiri yomwe ikupezeka m'gawoli ndikukhala wophunzira wachitukuko.